Generation Status

Generational profile: 1st (born abroad), 2nd (parents born abroad), 3rd+ generation. — 2021 Census of Population

Map loading...

1st Generation (%)

First generation (born outside Canada)

Distribution by riding

Share of residents born outside Canada (first generation) by federal riding, 2021 Census. Median 20.2%; range 1.6% (5 ridings, including Central Newfoundland) to 71.0% (Willowdale); half of ridings between 8.9% and 38.4%. Canada: 26.4%.

Colour

Find a riding

Canada 26.4%

Chart loading...

Vertical axis: Share of residents born outside Canada (first generation) (%)

Each dot is one federal riding (343 with a figure; 2023 Representation Order), placed by its value and spread across the axis so that dots do not overlap. The line marks the value for Canada as a whole (26.4%). Prairies: Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Atlantic: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador. North: Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

Highest and lowest ridings

Share of residents born outside Canada (first generation) by federal riding, 2021 Census. 343 ridings ranked from highest (1) to lowest; tied values share a rank. Bars start at zero on one scale; the vertical line marks the value for Canada (26.4%).

10 highest

The 10 ridings with the highest values: share of residents born outside canada (first generation), 2021 Census
Rank	Riding	Value
1	WillowdaleON	71.0%
2	Scarborough—AgincourtON	70.2%
3	Scarborough NorthON	69.2%
4	Don Valley NorthON	68.7%
5	Richmond Centre—MarpoleBC	68.5%
6	Mississauga CentreON	68.1%
7	Brampton SouthON	66.0%
8	Markham—ThornhillON	65.8%
8	Markham—UnionvilleON	65.8%
10	Richmond Hill SouthON	65.1%

10 lowest

The 10 ridings with the lowest values: share of residents born outside canada (first generation), 2021 Census, lowest first
Rank	Riding	Value
339	Central NewfoundlandNL	1.6%
339	Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill RiverSK	1.6%
339	JonquièreQC	1.6%
339	Lac-Saint-JeanQC	1.6%
339	Terra Nova—The PeninsulasNL	1.6%
337	AvalonNL	2.0%
337	Gaspésie—Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine—ListugujQC	2.0%
336	Côte-Nord—Kawawachikamach—NitassinanQC	2.1%
333	Côte-du-Sud—Rivière-du-Loup—Kataskomiq—TémiscouataQC	2.2%
333	Long Range MountainsNL	2.2%

All 343 ridings, ranked

All ridings ranked by share of residents born outside canada (first generation), 2021 Census, highest first
Rank	Riding	Province or territory	Value
1	Willowdale	Ontario	71.0%
2	Scarborough—Agincourt	Ontario	70.2%
3	Scarborough North	Ontario	69.2%
4	Don Valley North	Ontario	68.7%
5	Richmond Centre—Marpole	British Columbia	68.5%
6	Mississauga Centre	Ontario	68.1%
7	Brampton South	Ontario	66.0%
8	Markham—Thornhill	Ontario	65.8%
8	Markham—Unionville	Ontario	65.8%
10	Richmond Hill South	Ontario	65.1%
11	Mississauga—Malton	Ontario	64.5%
12	Humber River—Black Creek	Ontario	63.8%
13	Scarborough—Woburn	Ontario	62.9%
14	Brampton East	Ontario	62.7%
15	Burnaby Central	British Columbia	62.3%
15	Richmond East—Steveston	British Columbia	62.3%
17	Brampton West	Ontario	62.1%
18	Etobicoke North	Ontario	61.7%
19	Surrey Newton	British Columbia	61.2%
20	Mississauga East—Cooksville	Ontario	60.9%
21	Mississauga—Erin Mills	Ontario	60.4%
22	Vancouver Fraserview—South Burnaby	British Columbia	60.2%
23	York Centre	Ontario	60.0%
24	Surrey Centre	British Columbia	59.6%
25	Saint-Laurent	Quebec	58.6%
26	Scarborough Centre—Don Valley East	Ontario	58.3%
27	Fleetwood—Port Kells	British Columbia	57.2%
28	Thornhill	Ontario	56.6%
29	Vancouver Kingsway	British Columbia	55.9%
30	Brampton—Chinguacousy Park	Ontario	55.8%
31	Calgary McKnight	Alberta	55.7%
32	Brampton North—Caledon	Ontario	55.3%
33	York South—Weston—Etobicoke	Ontario	55.0%
34	Mount Royal	Quebec	53.8%
35	Saint-Léonard—Saint-Michel	Quebec	53.6%
36	Calgary Skyview	Alberta	53.4%
36	Scarborough—Guildwood—Rouge Park	Ontario	53.4%
38	Vancouver Centre	British Columbia	53.0%
39	Don Valley West	Ontario	52.5%
40	Brampton Centre	Ontario	52.4%
41	Aurora—Oak Ridges—Richmond Hill	Ontario	52.0%
42	Toronto Centre	Ontario	51.9%
43	Mississauga—Streetsville	Ontario	51.8%
44	Scarborough Southwest	Ontario	51.5%
45	Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Soeurs	Quebec	51.0%
46	Winnipeg North	Manitoba	50.7%
47	Vancouver Quadra	British Columbia	50.1%
48	Spadina—Harbourfront	Ontario	50.0%
49	Markham—Stouffville	Ontario	48.4%
50	Vancouver Granville	British Columbia	48.1%
51	Outremont	Quebec	47.6%
52	Edmonton Southeast	Alberta	47.5%
53	University—Rosedale	Ontario	47.3%
54	Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam	British Columbia	47.0%
55	Oakville East	Ontario	46.8%
56	New Westminster—Burnaby—Maillardville	British Columbia	46.7%
57	Bourassa	Quebec	46.4%
58	Etobicoke Centre	Ontario	46.3%
59	Papineau	Quebec	46.0%
60	Davenport	Ontario	45.0%
61	Eglinton—Lawrence	Ontario	44.8%
62	Vaughan—Woodbridge	Ontario	44.6%
63	North Vancouver—Capilano	British Columbia	44.0%
64	King—Vaughan	Ontario	43.9%
65	Ahuntsic-Cartierville	Quebec	43.8%
66	Winnipeg South	Manitoba	43.6%
67	Ajax	Ontario	43.4%
68	Oakville West	Ontario	43.2%
69	Port Moody—Coquitlam	British Columbia	43.1%
70	Burnaby North—Seymour	British Columbia	43.0%
71	Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount	Quebec	42.6%
72	Pierrefonds—Dollard	Quebec	42.4%
73	Edmonton Gateway	Alberta	42.0%
73	Vimy	Quebec	42.0%
75	Etobicoke—Lakeshore	Ontario	41.5%
76	Mississauga—Lakeshore	Ontario	40.9%
77	Laurier—Sainte-Marie	Quebec	40.5%
78	Brossard—Saint-Lambert	Quebec	40.4%
78	Ottawa South	Ontario	40.4%
80	Toronto—St. Paul's	Ontario	40.2%
81	Vancouver East	British Columbia	39.2%
82	Honoré-Mercier	Quebec	38.8%
83	Delta	British Columbia	38.5%
83	Edmonton Riverbend	Alberta	38.5%
83	Newmarket—Aurora	Ontario	38.5%
86	Dorval—Lachine—LaSalle	Quebec	38.4%
86	Windsor West	Ontario	38.4%
88	Burlington North—Milton West	Ontario	38.3%
89	Calgary Nose Hill	Alberta	38.0%
90	Laval—Les Îles	Quebec	37.5%
90	Winnipeg Centre	Manitoba	37.5%
92	Waterloo	Ontario	37.2%
93	Calgary Crowfoot	Alberta	36.7%
93	South Surrey—White Rock	British Columbia	36.7%
95	Edmonton Northwest	Alberta	36.5%
96	Taiaiako'n—Parkdale—High Park	Ontario	36.4%
97	Beaches—East York	Ontario	35.7%
98	Edmonton Manning	Alberta	35.4%
98	Nepean	Ontario	35.4%
100	Milton East—Halton Hills South	Ontario	35.2%
101	Kitchener South—Hespeler	Ontario	34.6%
102	Calgary East	Alberta	34.5%
103	Ottawa West—Nepean	Ontario	34.4%
104	Edmonton West	Alberta	34.2%
105	Lac-Saint-Louis	Quebec	34.1%
105	Pickering—Brooklin	Ontario	34.1%
107	Toronto—Danforth	Ontario	34.0%
108	Calgary Heritage	Alberta	33.9%
109	Hamilton East—Stoney Creek	Ontario	33.7%
110	Calgary Signal Hill	Alberta	33.0%
110	Cloverdale—Langley City	British Columbia	33.0%
110	Langley Township—Fraser Heights	British Columbia	33.0%
113	Calgary Centre	Alberta	32.3%
113	Ottawa—Vanier—Gloucester	Ontario	32.3%
115	West Vancouver—Sunshine Coast—Sea to Sky Country	British Columbia	32.2%
116	Whitby	Ontario	31.7%
117	Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas	Ontario	31.5%
118	Edmonton Griesbach	Alberta	31.4%
119	Edmonton Centre	Alberta	31.2%
120	Kanata	Ontario	31.1%
121	Hamilton Mountain	Ontario	30.6%
122	Hochelaga—Rosemont-Est	Quebec	30.1%
123	London West	Ontario	29.8%
124	Abbotsford—South Langley	British Columbia	29.6%
124	Kitchener Centre	Ontario	29.6%
124	LaSalle—Émard—Verdun	Quebec	29.6%
124	London Centre	Ontario	29.6%
128	Calgary Midnapore	Alberta	29.2%
129	London—Fanshawe	Ontario	28.6%
130	Calgary Shepard	Alberta	28.2%
131	New Tecumseth—Gwillimbury	Ontario	27.9%
132	Alfred-Pellan	Quebec	27.7%
133	Longueuil—Charles-LeMoyne	Quebec	27.5%
133	Ottawa Centre	Ontario	27.5%
133	Winnipeg South Centre	Manitoba	27.5%
136	Niagara Falls—Niagara-on-the-Lake	Ontario	27.3%
137	Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie	Quebec	27.2%
138	Marc-Aurèle-Fortin	Quebec	26.9%
139	Hamilton Centre	Ontario	26.6%
140	Elmwood—Transcona	Manitoba	26.5%
141	Mission—Matsqui—Abbotsford	British Columbia	26.3%
142	Calgary Confederation	Alberta	26.1%
142	Windsor—Tecumseh—Lakeshore	Ontario	26.1%
144	Regina—Wascana	Saskatchewan	26.0%
145	Victoria	British Columbia	25.9%
146	Saanich—Gulf Islands	British Columbia	25.7%
147	Burlington	Ontario	25.5%
148	Guelph	Ontario	25.4%
149	Edmonton Strathcona	Alberta	25.3%
150	Cambridge	Ontario	25.0%
151	Orléans	Ontario	24.8%
152	Kildonan—St. Paul	Manitoba	24.4%
152	Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge	British Columbia	24.4%
154	Halifax	Nova Scotia	24.0%
154	Saskatoon West	Saskatchewan	24.0%
156	Kitchener—Conestoga	Ontario	23.8%
157	Hull—Aylmer	Quebec	23.7%
158	Bowmanville—Oshawa North	Ontario	23.5%
158	St. Boniface—St. Vital	Manitoba	23.5%
160	Charlottetown	Prince Edward Island	23.4%
161	Halifax West	Nova Scotia	23.1%
162	Longueuil—Saint-Hubert	Quebec	22.9%
162	Saskatoon South	Saskatchewan	22.9%
164	St. Catharines	Ontario	22.7%
165	Regina—Lewvan	Saskatchewan	22.6%
166	La Pointe-de-l'Île	Quebec	22.3%
167	Saskatoon—University	Saskatchewan	22.1%
168	Bow River	Alberta	21.2%
169	Barrie South—Innisfil	Ontario	21.0%
170	Middlesex—London	Ontario	20.6%
171	Dufferin—Caledon	Ontario	20.5%
172	Oshawa	Ontario	20.2%
173	Kelowna	British Columbia	19.6%
174	Vaudreuil	Quebec	19.5%
175	Louis-Hébert	Quebec	19.1%
176	Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke	British Columbia	19.0%
177	Carleton	Ontario	18.9%
177	Wellington—Halton Hills North	Ontario	18.9%
179	Portage—Lisgar	Manitoba	18.3%
180	Fort McMurray—Cold Lake	Alberta	18.0%
181	Flamborough—Glanbrook—Brant North	Ontario	17.7%
182	Airdrie—Cochrane	Alberta	17.6%
183	Kingston and the Islands	Ontario	17.5%
184	Lethbridge	Alberta	17.1%
184	Nanaimo—Ladysmith	British Columbia	17.1%
186	Red Deer	Alberta	17.0%
187	Yukon	Yukon	16.8%
188	York—Durham	Ontario	16.7%
189	Brantford—Brant South—Six Nations	Ontario	16.6%
190	Niagara West	Ontario	16.5%
191	Moncton—Dieppe	New Brunswick	16.4%
191	Okanagan Lake West—South Kelowna	British Columbia	16.4%
193	Elgin—St. Thomas—London South	Ontario	16.1%
194	Chilliwack—Hope	British Columbia	16.0%
194	Winnipeg West	Manitoba	16.0%
196	Courtenay—Alberni	British Columbia	15.8%
196	Cowichan—Malahat—Langford	British Columbia	15.8%
198	Niagara South	Ontario	15.7%
199	Provencher	Manitoba	15.6%
200	Barrie—Springwater—Oro-Medonte	Ontario	15.4%
201	La Prairie—Atateken	Quebec	15.3%
202	Chatham-Kent—Leamington	Ontario	15.2%
202	Yellowhead	Alberta	15.2%
204	Brandon—Souris	Manitoba	15.1%
205	Similkameen—South Okanagan—West Kootenay	British Columbia	15.0%
206	Québec Centre	Quebec	14.9%
207	Essex	Ontario	14.8%
208	Simcoe—Grey	Ontario	14.5%
209	Regina—Qu'Appelle	Saskatchewan	14.0%
210	Sherbrooke	Quebec	13.9%
211	Fredericton—Oromocto	New Brunswick	13.8%
212	Gatineau	Quebec	13.6%
213	North Island—Powell River	British Columbia	13.5%
214	Châteauguay—Les Jardins-de-Napierville	Quebec	13.4%
214	Pontiac—Kitigan Zibi	Quebec	13.4%
216	Foothills	Alberta	13.2%
216	Vernon—Lake Country—Monashee	British Columbia	13.2%
218	Columbia—Kootenay—Southern Rockies	British Columbia	12.9%
218	Terrebonne	Quebec	12.9%
220	Thérèse-De Blainville	Quebec	12.8%
221	Kamloops—Thompson—Nicola	British Columbia	12.5%
221	Mont-Saint-Bruno—L’Acadie	Quebec	12.5%
221	St. John's East	Newfoundland and Labrador	12.5%
224	Oxford	Ontario	12.3%
224	Sackville—Bedford—Preston	Nova Scotia	12.3%
226	Rivière-des-Mille-Îles	Quebec	12.2%
227	Cariboo—Prince George	British Columbia	11.9%
227	Medicine Hat—Cardston—Warner	Alberta	11.9%
227	Northwest Territories	Northwest Territories	11.9%
227	Saint John—Kennebecasis	New Brunswick	11.9%
231	Northumberland—Clarke	Ontario	11.8%
231	Sherwood Park—Fort Saskatchewan	Alberta	11.8%
233	Kamloops—Shuswap—Central Rockies	British Columbia	11.7%
233	Sarnia—Lambton—Bkejwanong	Ontario	11.7%
235	Dartmouth—Cole Harbour	Nova Scotia	11.5%
235	Repentigny	Quebec	11.5%
235	Skeena—Bulkley Valley	British Columbia	11.5%
238	Grande Prairie	Alberta	11.4%
238	Sudbury	Ontario	11.4%
240	Haldimand—Norfolk	Ontario	11.1%
241	Leduc—Wetaskiwin	Alberta	10.9%
241	Prince George—Peace River—Northern Rockies	British Columbia	10.9%
241	Thunder Bay—Superior North	Ontario	10.9%
244	Bay of Quinte	Ontario	10.8%
245	Beauport—Limoilou	Quebec	10.7%
246	Peterborough	Ontario	10.6%
247	St. Albert—Sturgeon River	Alberta	10.5%
248	Simcoe North	Ontario	10.0%
249	Perth—Wellington	Ontario	9.9%
250	Ponoka—Didsbury	Alberta	9.2%
251	Battle River—Crowfoot	Alberta	9.1%
251	Sault Ste. Marie—Algoma	Ontario	9.1%
253	Cardigan	Prince Edward Island	9.0%
253	Swift Current—Grasslands—Kindersley	Saskatchewan	9.0%
255	Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes	Ontario	8.9%
255	Lakeland	Alberta	8.9%
255	Parkland	Alberta	8.9%
255	Peace River—Westlock	Alberta	8.9%
259	Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound	Ontario	8.7%
260	Moose Jaw—Lake Centre—Lanigan	Saskatchewan	8.6%
260	Parry Sound—Muskoka	Ontario	8.6%
260	Thunder Bay—Rainy River	Ontario	8.6%
263	Battlefords—Lloydminster—Meadow Lake	Saskatchewan	8.5%
263	Riding Mountain	Manitoba	8.5%
265	Leeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands—Rideau Lakes	Ontario	8.4%
266	Huron—Bruce	Ontario	8.3%
267	Souris—Moose Mountain	Saskatchewan	8.2%
267	Stormont—Dundas—Glengarry	Ontario	8.2%
269	Malpeque	Prince Edward Island	8.1%
270	Egmont	Prince Edward Island	7.9%
271	Yorkton—Melville	Saskatchewan	7.8%
272	Hastings—Lennox and Addington—Tyendinaga	Ontario	7.7%
272	Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman	Manitoba	7.7%
274	Charlesbourg—Haute-Saint-Charles	Quebec	7.5%
274	Lanark—Frontenac	Ontario	7.5%
274	Trois-Rivières	Quebec	7.5%
277	Mirabel	Quebec	7.3%
277	Pierre-Boucher—Les Patriotes—Verchères	Quebec	7.3%
277	Prince Albert	Saskatchewan	7.3%
280	Beauséjour	New Brunswick	7.0%
280	Prescott—Russell—Cumberland	Ontario	7.0%
282	Beloeil—Chambly	Quebec	6.9%
282	Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot—Acton	Quebec	6.9%
284	Carlton Trail—Eagle Creek	Saskatchewan	6.8%
284	Kings—Hants	Nova Scotia	6.8%
284	Louis-Saint-Laurent—Akiawenhrahk	Quebec	6.8%
284	South Shore—St. Margarets	Nova Scotia	6.8%
288	Algonquin—Renfrew—Pembroke	Ontario	6.5%
289	Tobique—Mactaquac	New Brunswick	6.4%
290	Saint John—St. Croix	New Brunswick	6.0%
291	Compton—Stanstead	Quebec	5.9%
291	Les Pays-d'en-Haut	Quebec	5.9%
293	Acadie—Annapolis	Nova Scotia	5.8%
293	Rivière-du-Nord	Quebec	5.8%
295	Brome—Missisquoi	Quebec	5.7%
296	Nipissing—Timiskaming	Ontario	5.6%
297	Cumberland—Colchester	Nova Scotia	5.5%
297	Labrador	Newfoundland and Labrador	5.5%
297	Sydney—Glace Bay	Nova Scotia	5.5%
300	Montcalm	Quebec	5.4%
301	Shefford	Quebec	5.3%
302	Cape Breton—Canso—Antigonish	Nova Scotia	5.2%
303	Drummond	Quebec	5.1%
303	Kenora—Kiiwetinoong	Ontario	5.1%
303	Saint-Jean	Quebec	5.1%
306	Bellechasse—Les Etchemins—Lévis	Quebec	4.9%
306	Fundy Royal	New Brunswick	4.9%
308	Cape Spear	Newfoundland and Labrador	4.6%
308	Central Nova	Nova Scotia	4.6%
308	Madawaska—Restigouche	New Brunswick	4.6%
311	Beauharnois—Salaberry—Soulanges—Huntingdon	Quebec	4.4%
312	Joliette—Manawan	Quebec	4.3%
312	Kapuskasing—Timmins—Mushkegowuk	Ontario	4.3%
314	Lévis—Lotbinière	Quebec	4.1%
314	Montmorency—Charlevoix	Quebec	4.1%
316	Churchill—Keewatinook Aski	Manitoba	4.0%
316	Laurentides—Labelle	Quebec	4.0%
318	Argenteuil—La Petite-Nation	Quebec	3.8%
319	Miramichi—Grand Lake	New Brunswick	3.5%
319	Nunavut	Nunavut	3.5%
319	Sudbury East—Manitoulin—Nickel Belt	Ontario	3.5%
322	Richmond—Arthabaska	Quebec	3.4%
323	Chicoutimi—Le Fjord	Quebec	3.3%
324	Beauce	Quebec	3.2%
324	Mégantic—L’Érable—Lotbinière	Quebec	3.2%
324	Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier	Quebec	3.2%
327	Bécancour—Nicolet—Saurel—Alnôbak	Quebec	2.7%
327	Berthier—Maskinongé	Quebec	2.7%
329	Saint-Maurice—Champlain	Quebec	2.5%
330	Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou	Quebec	2.4%
330	Abitibi—Témiscamingue	Quebec	2.4%
332	Rimouski—La Matapédia	Quebec	2.3%
333	Acadie—Bathurst	New Brunswick	2.2%
333	Côte-du-Sud—Rivière-du-Loup—Kataskomiq—Témiscouata	Quebec	2.2%
333	Long Range Mountains	Newfoundland and Labrador	2.2%
336	Côte-Nord—Kawawachikamach—Nitassinan	Quebec	2.1%
337	Avalon	Newfoundland and Labrador	2.0%
337	Gaspésie—Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine—Listuguj	Quebec	2.0%
339	Central Newfoundland	Newfoundland and Labrador	1.6%
339	Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River	Saskatchewan	1.6%
339	Jonquière	Quebec	1.6%
339	Lac-Saint-Jean	Quebec	1.6%
339	Terra Nova—The Peninsulas	Newfoundland and Labrador	1.6%

Value: First generation (born outside Canada). Riding names link to the riding's dissemination-area map for this topic.

◆

Generation Status — 2021 Census

Auto generated. Flag an issue.

Generation Status in Canada

Generation status captures how deeply rooted a population is: first generation (born outside Canada), second generation (born in Canada with at least one parent born abroad), and third-plus generation (both parents born in Canada). The 2021 Census found that 27.2 percent of Canadians were first generation, 17.7 percent were second generation, and 55.1 percent were third generation or more. Together, immigrants and their children now make up 45 percent of the population — a share that has grown steadily since the 1990s.

First Generation

First-generation Canadians concentrate overwhelmingly in the GTA and Metro Vancouver. Willowdale leads at 71.0 percent, where more than seven in ten residents were born outside Canada. Scarborough–Agincourt (70.2%), Scarborough North (69.2%), and Don Valley North (68.7%) follow. In these ridings, the foreign-born population is not a minority — it is the decisive majority, shaping culture, commerce, and community life.

The concentration is driven by settlement patterns: new immigrants join established ethnic communities, creating self-reinforcing clusters. The Chinese community in Markham, the South Asian community in Brampton, and the mixed-origin communities in Scarborough all grew through chain migration over decades.

Second Generation

Second-generation Canadians — the children of immigrants — are most prevalent in the GTA's middle ring: Vaughan–Woodbridge (38.0%), King–Vaughan (36.0%), and Brampton East (33.9%). These are ridings where Italian, South Asian, and East Asian immigrants settled in the 1970s-1990s and raised Canadian-born children who now form a large share of the adult population. Vaughan–Woodbridge's Italian-Canadian community is the archetype — second-generation Canadians whose parents came from southern Italy in the postwar era.

Third-Plus Generation

The most deeply rooted Canadian populations are in rural Quebec and Newfoundland. Jonquière and Lac-Saint-Jean (both 97.2%) lead — communities where nearly every resident traces their family's Canadian presence to the French colonial era, 300 or more years ago. Terra Nova–The Peninsulas (96.3%) and Central Newfoundland (96.2%) are similarly deep-rooted, with families descended from English and Irish settlers of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Riding Rankings

Highest First-Generation Share

Rank	Riding	1st Gen %
1	Willowdale	71.0%
2	Scarborough–Agincourt	70.2%
3	Scarborough North	69.2%
4	Don Valley North	68.7%
5	Richmond Centre–Marpole	68.5%
6	Mississauga Centre	68.1%
7	Markham–Thornhill	66.6%
8	Brampton South	66.0%
9	Richmond Hill South	65.1%
10	Markham–Unionville	64.9%

Eight of ten are in the GTA, with Richmond Centre–Marpole the sole Metro Vancouver entry. These ridings are the front line of Canada's immigration project — places where integration happens (or doesn't) at the neighbourhood level, and where the successes and failures of immigration policy are most visible.

Highest Second-Generation Share

Rank	Riding	2nd Gen %
1	Vaughan–Woodbridge	38.0%
2	King–Vaughan	36.0%
3	Brampton East	33.9%
4	Ajax	32.6%
5	York South–Weston–Etobicoke	31.7%
6	Markham–Stouffville	31.6%
7	Brampton West	31.5%
8	Brampton North–Caledon	31.3%
9	Pickering–Brooklin	30.4%
10	Davenport	30.2%

The second-generation list tells the story of immigration's success: these are ridings where the children of immigrants are established professionals, homeowners, and community leaders. Vaughan–Woodbridge's Italian-Canadian community and Brampton's South Asian second generation represent different waves but the same integration trajectory — from newcomer to full participant in Canadian life within a generation.

Most Deeply Rooted (3rd+ Generation)

Rank	Riding	3rd+ Gen %
1	Jonquière	97.2%
2	Lac-Saint-Jean	97.2%
3	Gaspésie–Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine–Listuguj	96.6%
4	Côte-Nord–Kawawachikamach–Nitassinan	96.5%
5	Terra Nova–The Peninsulas	96.3%
6	Côte-du-Sud–Rivière-du-Loup–Kataskomiq–Témiscouata	96.3%
7	Central Newfoundland	96.2%
8	Mégantic–L'Érable–Lotbinière	96.0%
9	Rimouski–La Matapédia	95.9%
10	Chicoutimi–Le Fjord	95.8%

The most deep-rooted ridings are almost entirely in francophone Quebec, where the population traces its ancestry to a relatively small number of French settlers who arrived between 1608 and 1760. Newfoundland's two entries reflect a similarly deep-rooted population of English and Irish descent. These ridings have experienced almost no immigration — they are snapshots of what Canada's demographic composition looked like before the immigration reforms of the 1960s.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population. Riding boundaries reflect the 2022 Federal Electoral Districts. Adapted from Statistics Canada; this does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product.

◆

← Citizenship & Immigration Religion →

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population. Adapted from Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2021. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product.