Language

Official language knowledge and bilingualism rates. — 2016 Census of Population

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EnglishFrenchBilingualNeither Official

Opacity indicates share of population — darker means a higher percentage.

Predominant Language

Most common official language knowledge, shaded by percentage of population

Distribution by riding

Most common knowledge of the official languages by federal riding, 2016 Census. English only in 253 of 338 ridings, French only in 43, English and French in 42. Highest share: 97.9% (English only, Bonavista—Burin—Trinity).

Colour

Find a riding

Median riding 88.9%

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Vertical axis: Share of the largest group (%)

Each dot is one federal riding (338 with a figure; 2013 Representation Order), placed by its value and spread across the axis so that dots do not overlap. The line marks the median riding (88.9%). Colour: the largest group, as on the map; position: that group’s share.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

Highest and lowest ridings

Most common knowledge of the official languages by federal riding, 2016 Census. 338 ridings ranked from highest (1) to lowest; tied values share a rank. Bars start at zero on one scale; the vertical line marks the median riding (88.9%).

10 highest

The 10 ridings with the highest values: most common knowledge of the official languages, 2016 Census
Rank	Riding	Share
1	Bonavista—Burin—TrinityNLEnglish only	97.9%
2	Yorkton—MelvilleSKEnglish only	97.6%
3	Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill RiverSKEnglish only	97.4%
4	Coast of Bays—Central—Notre DameNLEnglish only	97.3%
5	Churchill—Keewatinook AskiMBEnglish only	97.2%
6	Souris—Moose MountainSKEnglish only	96.9%
7	Battle River—CrowfootABEnglish only	96.8%
8	Battlefords—LloydminsterSKEnglish only	96.5%
9	Long Range MountainsNLEnglish only	96.4%
10	Carlton Trail—Eagle Creek /Sentier Carlton—Eagle CreekSKEnglish only	96.3%

10 lowest

The 10 ridings with the lowest values: most common knowledge of the official languages, 2016 Census, lowest first
Rank	Riding	Share
338	Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—EeyouQCFrench only	46.1%
337	Saint-Léonard—Saint-MichelQCEnglish and French	46.3%
336	Longueuil—Charles-LeMoyneQCEnglish and French	48.9%
335	Ottawa—VanierONEnglish and French	49.3%
334	Châteauguay—LacolleQCEnglish and French	49.8%
333	Moncton—Riverview—DieppeNBEnglish only	50.0%
332	Longueuil—Saint-HubertQCEnglish and French	50.1%
330	Acadie—BathurstNBEnglish and French	50.4%
330	Nickel BeltONEnglish and French	50.4%
329	Brome—MissisquoiQCEnglish and French	50.6%

All 338 ridings, ranked

All ridings ranked by most common knowledge of the official languages, 2016 Census, highest first
Rank	Riding	Province or territory	Largest group	Share
1	Bonavista—Burin—Trinity	Newfoundland and Labrador	English only	97.9%
2	Yorkton—Melville	Saskatchewan	English only	97.6%
3	Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River	Saskatchewan	English only	97.4%
4	Coast of Bays—Central—Notre Dame	Newfoundland and Labrador	English only	97.3%
5	Churchill—Keewatinook Aski	Manitoba	English only	97.2%
6	Souris—Moose Mountain	Saskatchewan	English only	96.9%
7	Battle River—Crowfoot	Alberta	English only	96.8%
8	Battlefords—Lloydminster	Saskatchewan	English only	96.5%
9	Long Range Mountains	Newfoundland and Labrador	English only	96.4%
10	Carlton Trail—Eagle Creek /Sentier Carlton—Eagle Creek	Saskatchewan	English only	96.3%
11	Haldimand—Norfolk	Ontario	English only	96.2%
11	Regina—Qu'Appelle	Saskatchewan	English only	96.2%
13	Medicine Hat—Cardston—Warner	Alberta	English only	96.1%
14	Dauphin—Swan River—Neepawa	Manitoba	English only	95.9%
15	Sydney—Victoria	Nova Scotia	English only	95.7%
16	Oxford	Ontario	English only	95.5%
17	Avalon	Newfoundland and Labrador	English only	95.4%
17	Bow River	Alberta	English only	95.4%
19	Cypress Hills—Grasslands	Saskatchewan	English only	95.3%
19	Moose Jaw—Lake Centre—Lanigan	Saskatchewan	English only	95.3%
19	Red Deer—Lacombe	Alberta	English only	95.3%
22	Cariboo—Prince George	British Columbia	English only	95.2%
22	Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock	Ontario	English only	95.2%
22	Huron—Bruce	Ontario	English only	95.2%
22	Perth—Wellington	Ontario	English only	95.2%
22	Prince George—Peace River—Northern Rockies	British Columbia	English only	95.2%
27	Chilliwack—Hope	British Columbia	English only	95.0%
27	Red Deer—Mountain View	Alberta	English only	95.0%
29	Elgin—Middlesex—London	Ontario	English only	94.9%
30	Brantford—Brant	Ontario	English only	94.8%
30	Lambton—Kent—Middlesex	Ontario	English only	94.8%
30	Yellowhead	Alberta	English only	94.8%
33	Kenora	Ontario	English only	94.5%
33	Skeena—Bulkley Valley	British Columbia	English only	94.5%
35	Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo	British Columbia	English only	94.4%
35	Lethbridge	Alberta	English only	94.4%
37	Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound	Ontario	English only	94.3%
37	Cumberland—Colchester	Nova Scotia	English only	94.3%
37	Hastings—Lennox and Addington	Ontario	English only	94.3%
40	Central Nova	Nova Scotia	English only	94.2%
40	Parry Sound—Muskoka	Ontario	English only	94.2%
40	Thunder Bay—Rainy River	Ontario	English only	94.2%
43	Foothills	Alberta	English only	94.1%
43	North Okanagan—Shuswap	British Columbia	English only	94.1%
45	Flamborough—Glanbrook	Ontario	English only	93.9%
45	Niagara West	Ontario	English only	93.9%
47	Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman	Manitoba	English only	93.8%
47	South Okanagan—West Kootenay	British Columbia	English only	93.8%
49	Brandon—Souris	Manitoba	English only	93.7%
50	Central Okanagan—Similkameen—Nicola	British Columbia	English only	93.6%
50	Grande Prairie—Mackenzie	Alberta	English only	93.6%
50	York—Simcoe	Ontario	English only	93.6%
53	Northumberland—Peterborough South	Ontario	English only	93.5%
54	Hamilton Mountain	Ontario	English only	93.4%
54	Winnipeg North	Manitoba	English only	93.4%
56	Cowichan—Malahat—Langford	British Columbia	English only	93.3%
56	Kings—Hants	Nova Scotia	English only	93.3%
56	Prince Albert	Saskatchewan	English only	93.3%
59	Hamilton East—Stoney Creek	Ontario	English only	93.2%
59	Langley—Aldergrove	British Columbia	English only	93.2%
59	Oshawa	Ontario	English only	93.2%
59	Sturgeon River—Parkland	Alberta	English only	93.2%
63	Lakeland	Alberta	English only	93.1%
63	Saskatoon West	Saskatchewan	English only	93.1%
65	Barrie—Springwater—Oro-Medonte	Ontario	English only	93.0%
65	Courtenay—Alberni	British Columbia	English only	93.0%
65	Sherwood Park—Fort Saskatchewan	Alberta	English only	93.0%
68	Barrie—Innisfil	Ontario	English only	92.9%
68	Cambridge	Ontario	English only	92.9%
68	Dufferin—Caledon	Ontario	English only	92.9%
68	Kildonan—St. Paul	Manitoba	English only	92.9%
68	Kootenay—Columbia	British Columbia	English only	92.9%
68	Nanaimo—Ladysmith	British Columbia	English only	92.9%
68	Peace River—Westlock	Alberta	English only	92.9%
68	Sarnia—Lambton	Ontario	English only	92.9%
68	Simcoe—Grey	Ontario	English only	92.9%
77	Cloverdale—Langley City	British Columbia	English only	92.8%
77	South Shore—St. Margarets	Nova Scotia	English only	92.8%
79	Kitchener—Conestoga	Ontario	English only	92.7%
79	Peterborough—Kawartha	Ontario	English only	92.7%
79	St. John's South—Mount Pearl	Newfoundland and Labrador	English only	92.7%
82	Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge	British Columbia	English only	92.6%
83	Calgary Shepard	Alberta	English only	92.5%
83	Kelowna—Lake Country	British Columbia	English only	92.5%
83	Kitchener South—Hespeler	Ontario	English only	92.5%
83	London—Fanshawe	Ontario	English only	92.5%
87	Regina—Lewvan	Saskatchewan	English only	92.4%
88	Labrador	Newfoundland and Labrador	English only	92.3%
88	Niagara Falls	Ontario	English only	92.3%
90	Calgary Midnapore	Alberta	English only	92.2%
91	Bay of Quinte	Ontario	English only	92.1%
91	Brampton Centre	Ontario	English only	92.1%
91	Durham	Ontario	English only	92.1%
91	Edmonton—Wetaskiwin	Alberta	English only	92.1%
91	North Island—Powell River	British Columbia	English only	92.1%
91	St. Catharines	Ontario	English only	92.1%
97	Edmonton West	Alberta	English only	92.0%
97	Simcoe North	Ontario	English only	92.0%
99	Pickering—Uxbridge	Ontario	English only	91.8%
99	Saskatoon—Grasswood	Saskatchewan	English only	91.8%
99	Wellington—Halton Hills	Ontario	English only	91.8%
102	Calgary Heritage	Alberta	English only	91.7%
102	Regina—Wascana	Saskatchewan	English only	91.7%
104	Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas	Ontario	English only	91.6%
104	Scarborough—Rouge Park	Ontario	English only	91.6%
106	Abbotsford	British Columbia	English only	91.5%
107	Edmonton Manning	Alberta	English only	91.4%
108	Calgary Forest Lawn	Alberta	English only	91.1%
108	Fort McMurray—Cold Lake	Alberta	English only	91.1%
108	Kitchener Centre	Ontario	English only	91.1%
111	Charleswood—St. James—Assiniboia—Headingley	Manitoba	English only	91.0%
111	Mission—Matsqui—Fraser Canyon	British Columbia	English only	91.0%
111	Portage—Lisgar	Manitoba	English only	91.0%
114	Edmonton Mill Woods	Alberta	English only	90.9%
114	Elmwood—Transcona	Manitoba	English only	90.9%
114	Saskatoon—University	Saskatchewan	English only	90.9%
117	Ajax	Ontario	English only	90.8%
117	Calgary Rocky Ridge	Alberta	English only	90.8%
117	Chatham-Kent—Leamington	Ontario	English only	90.8%
117	Edmonton Griesbach	Alberta	English only	90.8%
117	Whitby	Ontario	English only	90.8%
122	Vaughan—Woodbridge	Ontario	English only	90.7%
123	Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke	British Columbia	English only	90.6%
123	Scarborough—Guildwood	Ontario	English only	90.6%
125	Burlington	Ontario	English only	90.5%
125	London West	Ontario	English only	90.5%
127	Milton	Ontario	English only	90.4%
128	Sault Ste. Marie	Ontario	English only	90.3%
128	Scarborough Centre	Ontario	English only	90.3%
128	Scarborough Southwest	Ontario	English only	90.3%
128	St. John's East	Newfoundland and Labrador	English only	90.3%
132	King—Vaughan	Ontario	English only	90.2%
133	Brampton North	Ontario	English only	90.1%
133	Brampton South	Ontario	English only	90.1%
133	Brampton West	Ontario	English only	90.1%
133	Calgary Skyview	Alberta	English only	90.1%
133	Etobicoke North	Ontario	English only	90.1%
133	St. Albert—Edmonton	Alberta	English only	90.1%
139	London North Centre	Ontario	English only	90.0%
140	Calgary Nose Hill	Alberta	English only	89.9%
140	Edmonton Riverbend	Alberta	English only	89.9%
142	Nunavut	Nunavut	English only	89.8%
143	Newmarket—Aurora	Ontario	English only	89.7%
144	Calgary Signal Hill	Alberta	English only	89.6%
144	Edmonton Centre	Alberta	English only	89.6%
144	Fleetwood—Port Kells	British Columbia	English only	89.6%
144	Guelph	Ontario	English only	89.6%
148	Mississauga—Malton	Ontario	English only	89.5%
148	York South—Weston	Ontario	English only	89.5%
150	Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam	British Columbia	English only	89.4%
150	Delta	British Columbia	English only	89.4%
150	Mississauga—Streetsville	Ontario	English only	89.4%
150	Saanich—Gulf Islands	British Columbia	English only	89.4%
150	Sackville—Preston—Chezzetcook	Nova Scotia	English only	89.4%
150	South Surrey—White Rock	British Columbia	English only	89.4%
150	Winnipeg Centre	Manitoba	English only	89.4%
150	York Centre	Ontario	English only	89.4%
158	Hamilton Centre	Ontario	English only	89.3%
158	Humber River—Black Creek	Ontario	English only	89.3%
158	Port Moody—Coquitlam	British Columbia	English only	89.3%
161	Banff—Airdrie	Alberta	English only	89.2%
161	Mississauga—Lakeshore	Ontario	English only	89.2%
161	Waterloo	Ontario	English only	89.2%
164	Northwest Territories	Northwest Territories	English only	89.1%
165	Etobicoke Centre	Ontario	English only	89.0%
165	Mississauga East—Cooksville	Ontario	English only	89.0%
165	New Westminster—Burnaby	British Columbia	English only	89.0%
165	Thunder Bay—Superior North	Ontario	English only	89.0%
169	Cardigan	Prince Edward Island	English only	88.9%
170	Mississauga—Erin Mills	Ontario	English only	88.8%
171	Markham—Stouffville	Ontario	English only	88.7%
171	Mississauga Centre	Ontario	English only	88.7%
173	Burnaby North—Seymour	British Columbia	English only	88.4%
173	Windsor—Tecumseh	Ontario	English only	88.4%
175	Essex	Ontario	English only	88.2%
175	Malpeque	Prince Edward Island	English only	88.2%
175	Niagara Centre	Ontario	English only	88.2%
175	Windsor West	Ontario	English only	88.2%
179	Brampton East	Ontario	English only	88.1%
179	Cape Breton—Canso	Nova Scotia	English only	88.1%
179	Leeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes	Ontario	English only	88.1%
179	North Vancouver	British Columbia	English only	88.1%
179	Surrey Centre	British Columbia	English only	88.1%
184	Thornhill	Ontario	English only	87.9%
185	Dartmouth—Cole Harbour	Nova Scotia	English only	87.8%
186	Calgary Confederation	Alberta	English only	87.7%
187	Etobicoke—Lakeshore	Ontario	English only	87.6%
187	Lanark—Frontenac—Kingston	Ontario	English only	87.6%
189	Edmonton Strathcona	Alberta	English only	87.5%
189	Oakville North—Burlington	Ontario	English only	87.5%
191	Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke	Ontario	English only	87.4%
191	West Vancouver—Sunshine Coast—Sea to Sky Country	British Columbia	English only	87.4%
193	Winnipeg South Centre	Manitoba	English only	87.3%
194	Burnaby South	British Columbia	English only	87.1%
195	Don Valley East	Ontario	English only	87.0%
195	Eglinton—Lawrence	Ontario	English only	87.0%
195	New Brunswick Southwest	New Brunswick	English only	87.0%
198	Willowdale	Ontario	English only	86.6%
199	Aurora—Oak Ridges—Richmond Hill	Ontario	English only	86.5%
199	Oakville	Ontario	English only	86.5%
201	Surrey—Newton	British Columbia	English only	86.4%
202	Calgary Centre	Alberta	English only	86.2%
202	Richmond Hill	Ontario	English only	86.2%
204	Don Valley North	Ontario	English only	86.1%
205	Victoria	British Columbia	English only	85.8%
206	Kingston and the Islands	Ontario	English only	85.7%
207	Beaches—East York	Ontario	English only	85.6%
207	Yukon	Yukon	English only	85.6%
209	Halifax West	Nova Scotia	English only	85.5%
210	Vancouver Centre	British Columbia	English only	85.4%
210	Winnipeg South	Manitoba	English only	85.4%
212	Charlottetown	Prince Edward Island	English only	85.3%
213	Lac-Saint-Jean	Quebec	French only	85.0%
214	Saint John—Rothesay	New Brunswick	English only	84.8%
215	Steveston—Richmond East	British Columbia	English only	84.7%
216	Vancouver South	British Columbia	English only	84.5%
217	Halifax	Nova Scotia	English only	84.1%
218	Don Valley West	Ontario	English only	83.7%
218	Toronto Centre	Ontario	English only	83.7%
220	Vancouver Granville	British Columbia	English only	83.6%
221	Markham—Unionville	Ontario	English only	83.5%
222	Provencher	Manitoba	English only	83.2%
223	Toronto—St. Paul's	Ontario	English only	83.1%
224	Richmond Centre	British Columbia	English only	83.0%
225	Egmont	Prince Edward Island	English only	82.8%
226	Spadina—Fort York	Ontario	English only	82.7%
226	Vancouver Kingsway	British Columbia	English only	82.7%
228	Montmagny—L'Islet—Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup	Quebec	French only	82.3%
229	Vancouver Quadra	British Columbia	English only	82.2%
230	Fundy Royal	New Brunswick	English only	81.7%
231	Parkdale—High Park	Ontario	English only	81.6%
232	Davenport	Ontario	English only	81.4%
233	Markham—Thornhill	Ontario	English only	81.3%
233	Vancouver East	British Columbia	English only	81.3%
235	Toronto—Danforth	Ontario	English only	81.2%
236	Scarborough—Agincourt	Ontario	English only	80.2%
237	Jonquière	Quebec	French only	80.0%
238	Avignon—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia	Quebec	French only	79.5%
238	Mégantic—L'Érable	Quebec	French only	79.5%
240	Rimouski-Neigette—Témiscouata—Les Basques	Quebec	French only	79.3%
240	University—Rosedale	Ontario	English only	79.3%
242	Scarborough North	Ontario	English only	79.1%
243	West Nova	Nova Scotia	English only	78.2%
244	Saint-Maurice—Champlain	Quebec	French only	77.9%
245	Beauce	Quebec	French only	77.5%
246	Chicoutimi—Le Fjord	Quebec	French only	76.6%
247	Saint Boniface—Saint Vital	Manitoba	English only	76.5%
248	Fredericton	New Brunswick	English only	75.9%
249	Berthier—Maskinongé	Quebec	French only	75.6%
250	Manicouagan	Quebec	French only	75.4%
251	Bécancour—Nicolet—Saurel	Quebec	French only	75.2%
252	Tobique—Mactaquac	New Brunswick	English only	74.9%
253	Beauport—Côte-de-Beaupré—Île dOrléans—Charlevoix	Quebec	French only	73.8%
254	Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot	Quebec	French only	73.7%
255	Lac-Saint-Louis	Quebec	English and French	72.5%
256	Bellechasse—Les Etchemins—Lévis	Quebec	French only	72.3%
257	Drummond	Quebec	French only	72.2%
257	Richmond—Arthabaska	Quebec	French only	72.2%
259	Gaspésie—Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine	Quebec	French only	71.9%
260	Nipissing—Timiskaming	Ontario	English only	71.5%
261	Abitibi—Témiscamingue	Quebec	French only	70.7%
262	Kanata—Carleton	Ontario	English only	69.9%
263	Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount	Quebec	English and French	69.7%
264	Ottawa West—Nepean	Ontario	English only	69.0%
265	Miramichi—Grand Lake	New Brunswick	English only	68.9%
266	Joliette	Quebec	French only	68.8%
267	Nepean	Ontario	English only	68.1%
267	Trois-Rivières	Quebec	French only	68.1%
269	Laurier—Sainte-Marie	Quebec	English and French	68.0%
270	Carleton	Ontario	English only	67.7%
271	Lévis—Lotbinière	Quebec	French only	67.3%
271	Sudbury	Ontario	English only	67.3%
273	Pierrefonds—Dollard	Quebec	English and French	67.1%
273	Vaudreuil—Soulanges	Quebec	English and French	67.1%
275	Beauséjour	New Brunswick	English and French	66.7%
275	Hull—Aylmer	Quebec	English and French	66.7%
277	Charlesbourg—Haute-Saint-Charles	Quebec	French only	66.6%
278	Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing	Ontario	English only	66.0%
278	Glengarry—Prescott—Russell	Ontario	English and French	66.0%
278	Outremont	Quebec	English and French	66.0%
281	Montcalm	Quebec	French only	65.3%
282	Beauport—Limoilou	Quebec	French only	65.1%
282	Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Soeurs	Quebec	English and French	65.1%
284	Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier	Quebec	French only	64.6%
285	Brossard—Saint-Lambert	Quebec	English and French	64.3%
286	Shefford	Quebec	French only	63.9%
287	Laval—Les Îles	Quebec	English and French	62.7%
288	Stormont—Dundas—South Glengarry	Ontario	English only	62.5%
289	Gatineau	Quebec	English and French	62.4%
290	Louis-Saint-Laurent	Quebec	French only	62.3%
291	Mont-Royal	Quebec	English and French	61.7%
292	Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie	Quebec	English and French	61.6%
293	Rivière-du-Nord	Quebec	French only	61.3%
294	LaSalle—Émard—Verdun	Quebec	English and French	61.1%
295	Ottawa South	Ontario	English only	60.7%
296	Dorval—Lachine—LaSalle	Quebec	English and French	60.6%
297	Pontiac	Quebec	English and French	59.3%
297	Saint-Laurent	Quebec	English and French	59.3%
299	Repentigny	Quebec	French only	59.0%
300	Saint-Jean	Quebec	French only	58.3%
301	Marc-Aurèle-Fortin	Quebec	English and French	58.1%
302	Alfred-Pellan	Quebec	English and French	57.1%
303	Ottawa Centre	Ontario	English only	57.0%
303	Timmins—James Bay	Ontario	English only	57.0%
305	Laurentides—Labelle	Quebec	French only	56.8%
305	Mirabel	Quebec	French only	56.8%
307	Terrebonne	Quebec	French only	56.7%
308	Ahuntsic-Cartierville	Quebec	English and French	56.5%
309	Madawaska—Restigouche	New Brunswick	English and French	56.2%
310	Vimy	Quebec	English and French	55.3%
311	Montarville	Quebec	English and French	55.1%
312	La Pointe-de-l'Île	Quebec	French only	55.0%
313	Compton—Stanstead	Quebec	French only	54.6%
314	La Prairie	Quebec	English and French	54.3%
314	Papineau	Quebec	English and French	54.3%
314	Sherbrooke	Quebec	French only	54.3%
317	Hochelaga	Quebec	English and French	54.2%
318	Thérèse-De Blainville	Quebec	English and French	54.1%
319	Orléans	Ontario	English and French	53.7%
320	Rivière-des-Mille-Îles	Quebec	English and French	53.6%
321	Honoré-Mercier	Quebec	English and French	53.5%
322	Louis-Hébert	Quebec	English and French	53.2%
323	Bourassa	Quebec	French only	52.6%
323	Québec	Quebec	French only	52.6%
323	Salaberry—Suroît	Quebec	French only	52.6%
326	Pierre-Boucher—Les Patriotes—Verchères	Quebec	French only	51.8%
327	Argenteuil—La Petite-Nation	Quebec	English and French	51.4%
328	Beloeil—Chambly	Quebec	French only	50.9%
329	Brome—Missisquoi	Quebec	English and French	50.6%
330	Acadie—Bathurst	New Brunswick	English and French	50.4%
330	Nickel Belt	Ontario	English and French	50.4%
332	Longueuil—Saint-Hubert	Quebec	English and French	50.1%
333	Moncton—Riverview—Dieppe	New Brunswick	English only	50.0%
334	Châteauguay—Lacolle	Quebec	English and French	49.8%
335	Ottawa—Vanier	Ontario	English and French	49.3%
336	Longueuil—Charles-LeMoyne	Quebec	English and French	48.9%
337	Saint-Léonard—Saint-Michel	Quebec	English and French	46.3%
338	Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou	Quebec	French only	46.1%

Share: the percentage in the largest group, the group shown on the map. Riding names link to the riding's dissemination-area map for this topic.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population. Adapted from Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2016. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product.